Ukhondochipindaukadaulo woyeserera, womwe umadziwikanso kuti ukadaulo wowongolera kuipitsidwa.Amatanthauza kuwongolera zonyansa m'chilengedwe (zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mtundu, chiyeneretso kapena chiwongola dzanja cha zinthu, anthu ndi nyama) panthawi yokonza, kutaya, chithandizo, ndi chitetezo chaukadaulo.
Kuipitsidwa kwa zonyansa kumaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi kuvulaza anthu.
Kuipitsidwa kumaphatikizapo kuipitsidwa kwachindunji ndi kuipitsidwa kwapang'onopang'ono (kotchedwa matenda m'chipatala).
Anthu ndi malo obadwirako magwero oyipitsa: thupi la munthu limatulutsa tinthu 100,000 pamphindi (kukula kwa tinthu ≥0.5μm).
Amakhetsa magalamu 6 mpaka 13 a maselo a epidermal patsiku, kapena pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 3.5 a maselo amunthu pachaka.
Gwero la kuipitsidwa kwazing'ono m'chipinda choyera cha semiconductor, pambuyo poyesedwa, ogwira ntchito adawerengera 80%.
Kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, pali zofunika zosiyanasiyana zowononga kuwononga chilengedwe.
⑴ Tinthu tating'onoting'ono mlengalenga (osakhala achilengedwe komanso achilengedwe)
⑵ Kuyimitsidwa kwa ma cell mumlengalenga
⑶ virus
⑷ Kugwedezeka pang'ono
⑸ Magetsi osasunthika
⑹ Sing'anga yopangira: gasi woyenga kwambiri wamafakitale, gasi wapadera, madzi oyera kwambiri ndi mankhwala oyeretsedwa kwambiri ndi zonyansa zina.
Tekinoloje yoyera ikuphatikizapo:
⑴ Ukadaulo wozindikira zipinda (chipinda choyera m'mafakitale, chipinda chochezera chaukhondo komanso chipinda choyera chapayekha): kuphatikizakuyeretsa mpweya, zokongoletsa nyumba, kulamulira gwero la zoipitsa ndi anti-fretting.
⑵Kukonzekera, kunyamula ndi kuyeretsa mpweya wamafuta opangidwa ndi mafakitale, mpweya wapadera, madzi oyeretsedwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala oyeretsedwa kwambiri.
⑶ Kuzindikira ndi kuyang'anira zowonongeka.
Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito tekinoloje yoyang'anira ukhondo ndi awa:
Microelectronics, optoelectronics, zipangizo zamagetsi;zida, makina olondola;uinjiniya wamankhwalandiBiological engineering;zakumwa,uinjiniya wa chakudya.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-28-2021